Phytopharmacological insights into Pongamia pinnata and Rubia cordifolia: Antibacterial and antioxidant activities with mechanistic perspectives

Abstract

Pongamia pinnata is a rich and bright tree that reaches heights of 35–50 feet. It belongs to the Leguminaceae
family. This versatile tree has been traditionally utilized in India and neighboring countries for a wide range of
purposes, including traditional medicine, green manure, wood, animal fodder, fuel, biopesticides, and even fish
poison. Rubia cordifolia Linn, commonly known as Indian Madder, is a well-known Ayurvedic herb belonging
to the Rubiaceae family. The root of R. cordifolia is used for treating various ailments such as cough, hepatic
obstruction, freckles, indigestion, inflammation, ulcers, fractures, mental agony, urinary obstructions, and
paralytic affections. Both R. cordifolia and P. pinnata are known for their antibacterial and anti-oxidant properties.
R. cordifolia contains compounds like anthraquinones and glycosides, which contribute to its antibacterial and
anti-oxidant activities by acting on mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor kappa-B, and Nrf-2 pathways.
P. pinnata contains active constituents such as flavonoids and furano flavonoids, known for their antibacterial and
anti-oxidant properties.